SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    821, 827, 823, 852, 829, 836, 825, 862, 
    864, 2539, 2546
  )

Query time 0.00039

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["parent"],
      "key": "parent",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
      "rows": 44,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (821,827,823,852,829,836,825,862,864,2539,2546)"
    }
  }
}