SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2357, 266, 228, 229, 232, 2312, 263, 230, 
    231, 264, 265, 287, 288, 290, 289
  )

Query time 0.00016

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["parent"],
      "key": "parent",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
      "rows": 15,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (2357,266,228,229,232,2312,263,230,231,264,265,287,288,290,289)"
    }
  }
}