SELECT 
  cscart_ult_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_ult_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_ult_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_ult_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_ult_product_prices.price * cscart_ult_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_ult_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_ult_product_prices.product_id IN (
    4078, 4779, 5006, 5108, 4103, 4104, 3983, 
    4106, 4105, 3984, 4107, 3981, 3985, 
    3982, 4034, 4491, 5616, 5246, 6825, 
    6826, 4996, 6827, 6136, 6814
  ) 
  AND cscart_ult_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_ult_product_prices.company_id = 1 
  AND cscart_ult_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_ult_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00043

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "filesort": {
      "sort_key": "cscart_ult_product_prices.product_id",
      "temporary_table": {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "cscart_ult_product_prices",
          "access_type": "ALL",
          "possible_keys": [
            "usergroup",
            "product_id",
            "company_id",
            "lower_limit",
            "usergroup_id"
          ],
          "rows": 44,
          "filtered": 54.54545593,
          "attached_condition": "cscart_ult_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 and cscart_ult_product_prices.company_id = 1 and cscart_ult_product_prices.product_id in (4078,4779,5006,5108,4103,4104,3983,4106,4105,3984,4107,3981,3985,3982,4034,4491,5616,5246,6825,6826,4996,6827,6136,6814) and cscart_ult_product_prices.usergroup_id in (0,0,1)"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}