SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2877, 2878, 2879, 2880, 2873, 2874, 2875, 
    2876, 2863, 2865, 2866, 2867, 3169
  )

Query time 0.00019

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["parent"],
      "key": "parent",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["parent_id"],
      "rows": 13,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_categories.parent_id in (2877,2878,2879,2880,2873,2874,2875,2876,2863,2865,2866,2867,3169)"
    }
  }
}